% References for longhorizon.blue: the papers and monitoring programs the pages cite.
% Papers: BibTeX from doi.org, re-keyed. keywords = the section of /references/ (sound, hypoxia, fields, programs);
% annote = what the entry supports on the site. scripts/build-references.py renders /references/ from this file.

@incollection{odonnell2013physical,
  author = {O’Donnell, James and Wilson, Robert E. and Lwiza, Kamazima and Whitney, Michael and Bohlen, W. Frank and Codiga, Daniel and Fribance, Diane B. and Fake, Todd and Bowman, Malcolm and Varekamp, Johan},
  title = {The Physical Oceanography of Long Island Sound},
  booktitle = {Long Island Sound: Prospects for the Urban Sea},
  editor = {Latimer, James S. and Tedesco, Mark A. and Swanson, R. Lawrence and Yarish, Charles and Stacey, Paul E. and Garza, Corey},
  series = {Springer Series on Environmental Management},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {79–158},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5_3},
  keywords = {sound},
  sortkey = {1},
  annote = {Circulation, stratification and mixing of the Sound: the standard overview.},
}

@incollection{lewis2013geology,
  author = {Lewis, Ralph},
  title = {The Geology of Long Island Sound},
  booktitle = {Long Island Sound: Prospects for the Urban Sea},
  editor = {Latimer, James S. and Tedesco, Mark A. and Swanson, R. Lawrence and Yarish, Charles and Stacey, Paul E. and Garza, Corey},
  series = {Springer Series on Environmental Management},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {47–77},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5_2},
  keywords = {sound},
  annote = {Glacial origin of the Sound and the bluffs of Long Island's north shore.},
}

@book{latimer2014urban,
  editor = {Latimer, James S. and Tedesco, Mark A. and Swanson, R. Lawrence and Yarish, Charles and Stacey, Paul E. and Garza, Corey},
  title = {Long Island Sound: Prospects for the Urban Sea},
  series = {Springer Series on Environmental Management},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-6126-5},
  keywords = {sound},
  annote = {The volume containing both chapters above.},
}

@article{shin2021waves,
  author = {Shin, Y. and Cifuentes‐Lorenzen, A. and Howard Strobel, M. M. and O’Donnell, J.},
  title = {Waves in Western Long Island Sound: A Fetch‐Limited Coastal Basin},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {126},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e2020JC016468},
  doi = {10.1029/2020JC016468},
  keywords = {sound},
  sortkey = {2},
  annote = {Waves in the western Sound are fetch-limited, larger under easterly winds than westerlies.},
}

@article{wilson2008hypoxia,
  author = {Wilson, Robert E. and Swanson, R. Lawrence and Crowley, Heather A.},
  title = {Perspectives on long‐term variations in hypoxic conditions in western Long Island Sound},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {113},
  number = {C12},
  doi = {10.1029/2007JC004693},
  keywords = {hypoxia},
  annote = {Long-term variation of hypoxia in the western Sound.},
}

@article{anderson2001pulses,
  author = {Anderson, Timothy H. and Taylor, Gordon T.},
  title = {Nutrient Pulses, Plankton Blooms, and Seasonal Hypoxia in Western Long Island Sound},
  journal = {Estuaries},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {228},
  doi = {10.2307/1352947},
  keywords = {hypoxia},
  annote = {Nutrient pulses, plankton blooms and seasonal hypoxia in the western Sound.},
}

@article{torgersen1997mixing,
  author = {Torgersen, Thomas and DeAngelo, Edward and O’Donnell, James},
  title = {Calculations of Horizontal Mixing Rates Using 222 Rn and the Controls on Hypoxia in Western Long Island Sound, 1991},
  journal = {Estuaries},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {328},
  doi = {10.2307/1352348},
  keywords = {hypoxia},
  annote = {Horizontal mixing and the physical controls on western-Sound hypoxia.},
}

@article{chin2017mur,
  author = {Chin, Toshio Michael and Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge and Armstrong, Edward M.},
  title = {A multi-scale high-resolution analysis of global sea surface temperature},
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {200},
  pages = {154–169},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.029},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {The MUR sea surface temperature analysis (the SST layer).},
}

@misc{jpl2015mur,
  author = {{NASA/JPL}},
  title = {GHRSST Level 4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Analysis (v4.1)},
  publisher = {NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {The MUR SST dataset (v4.1), served through NOAA CoastWatch.},
}

@article{wang2009kd490,
  author = {Wang, Menghua and Son, SeungHyun and Harding, Lawrence W.},
  title = {Retrieval of diffuse attenuation coefficient in the Chesapeake Bay and turbid ocean regions for satellite ocean color applications},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {114},
  number = {C10},
  doi = {10.1029/2009JC005286},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {Background: retrieving the diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd(490) in turbid coastal and estuarine water.},
}

@article{hu2012chlorophyll,
  author = {Hu, Chuanmin and Lee, Zhongping and Franz, Bryan},
  title = {Chlorophyll a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three‐band reflectance difference},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {117},
  number = {C1},
  doi = {10.1029/2011JC007395},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {Background: chlorophyll-a retrieval from satellite ocean colour (a band-difference algorithm).},
}

@article{chen2003fvcom,
  author = {Chen, Changsheng and Liu, Hedong and Beardsley, Robert C.},
  title = {An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model: Application to Coastal Ocean and Estuaries},
  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {159–186},
  doi = {10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0159:AUGFVT>2.0.CO;2},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {FVCOM, the unstructured-grid model behind the currents layer.},
}

@article{chen2006fvcom,
  author = {Chen, Changsheng and Beardsley, Roberet and Cowles, Geoffrey},
  title = {An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) System},
  journal = {Oceanography},
  publisher = {The Oceanography Society},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {78–89},
  doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2006.92},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {The FVCOM system and its coastal forecast applications, including NECOFS.},
}

@article{longuet1961currents,
  author = {Longuet-Higgins, M. S. and Stewart, R. W.},
  title = {The changes in amplitude of short gravity waves on steady non-uniform currents},
  journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1961},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {529–549},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022112061000342},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {How an opposing current shortens and heightens waves, and where it stops them: the basis of the wind-against-tide layer.},
}

@article{dowell2022hrrr,
  author = {Dowell, David C. and Alexander, Curtis R. and James, Eric P. and Weygandt, Stephen S. and Benjamin, Stanley G. and Manikin, Geoffrey S. and Blake, Benjamin T. and Brown, John M. and Olson, Joseph B. and Hu, Ming and Smirnova, Tatiana G. and Ladwig, Terra and Kenyon, Jaymes S. and Ahmadov, Ravan and Turner, David D. and Duda, Jeffrey D. and Alcott, Trevor I.},
  title = {The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR): An Hourly Updating Convection-Allowing Forecast Model. Part I: Motivation and System Description},
  journal = {Weather and Forecasting},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {37},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1371–1395},
  doi = {10.1175/WAF-D-21-0151.1},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {HRRR, the model behind the wind layer, the next-48-hours plot and its forecast vintages.},
}

@article{booij1999swan,
  author = {Booij, N. and Ris, R. C. and Holthuijsen, L. H.},
  title = {A third-generation wave model for coastal regions: 1. Model description and validation},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {104},
  number = {C4},
  pages = {7649–7666},
  doi = {10.1029/98JC02622},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {SWAN, the wave model the NWS Nearshore Wave Prediction System runs; behind the waves and wind-against-tide layers.},
}

@misc{lisicos,
  author = {{LISICOS, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut}},
  title = {Long Island Sound Integrated Coastal Observing System},
  url = {https://lisicos.uconn.edu/},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {observing},
  annote = {The buoys behind this page: temperature, salinity, oxygen, turbidity and weather.},
}

@misc{lisp2024hypoxia,
  author = {{Long Island Sound Partnership}},
  title = {Hypoxia: area and duration in Long Island Sound},
  url = {https://lispartnership.org/our-vision-and-plan/clean-waters-and-healthy-watersheds/reduce-nutrients/hypoxia-toolkit/},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {programs},
  annote = {The EPA National Estuary Program for the Sound: the official hypoxia indicator, nitrogen targets, and how hypoxia forms.},
}

@misc{ctdeep_lis,
  author = {{Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection}},
  title = {Long Island Sound Water Quality and Hypoxia Monitoring Program},
  url = {https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP-LISWaterQuality},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {programs},
  annote = {Sound-wide ship surveys since 1991: up to 48 stations every two weeks in summer, with nutrients and plankton.},
}

@misc{iec_wlis,
  author = {{Interstate Environmental Commission}},
  title = {Western Long Island Sound hypoxia surveys},
  url = {https://www.iec-nynjct.org/},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {programs},
  annote = {Weekly summer surveys at 22 western-Sound stations: oxygen, turbidity, Secchi depth, and nutrients and chlorophyll at about half of them.},
}

@misc{sts_monitoring,
  author = {{Save the Sound}},
  title = {How's the water: water quality monitoring programs},
  url = {https://www.savethesound.org/2024/08/19/hows-the-water-understanding-our-different-water-quality-monitoring-programs/},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {programs},
  annote = {Weekly bacteria (Enterococcus) monitoring at about 65 western-Sound sites, and the Unified Water Study of oxygen, chlorophyll and turbidity in the Sound's bays and harbors.},
}

@misc{nycdep_harbor,
  author = {{New York City Department of Environmental Protection}},
  title = {New York Harbor Water Quality Report (Harbor Survey)},
  url = {https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dep/downloads/pdf/water/nyc-waterways/harbor-water-quality-report/2017-new-york-harbor-water-quality-report.pdf},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {programs},
  annote = {Since 1909: fecal coliform bacteria, oxygen, chlorophyll and clarity in the harbor, including the East River and the western Sound's city waters.},
}

@misc{epa_roe_hypoxia,
  author = {{U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}},
  title = {Report on the Environment: Hypoxia in the Gulf of America and Long Island Sound},
  year = {2023},
  note = {Last updated October 4, 2023},
  url = {https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=41},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {hypoxia},
  annote = {The national indicator for Long Island Sound hypoxia, with its history since 1987.},
}

@misc{usgs2010geology,
  author = {{U.S. Geological Survey}},
  title = {Open-File Report 2010-1007: geologic setting of Long Island Sound},
  url = {https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1007/html/setting.html},
  urldate = {2026-10-11},
  keywords = {sound},
  annote = {The glacial moraine and the eroding bluffs of Long Island's north shore.},
}

@article{thyng2016cmocean,
  author = {Thyng, Kristen M. and Greene, Chad A. and Hetland, Robert D. and Zimmerle, Heather M. and DiMarco, Steven F.},
  title = {True Colors of Oceanography: Guidelines for Effective and Accurate Colormap Selection},
  journal = {Oceanography},
  publisher = {The Oceanography Society},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {9–13},
  doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2016.66},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {The cmocean colour maps the map layers follow: ordered ramps, the strongest value the most visible, one colour map per quantity. The light currents scale follows its tempo map (pale aqua to deep blue-green).},
}

@misc{noaa2019chart1,
  author = {{NOAA Office of Coast Survey} and {National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency}},
  title = {U.S. Chart No. 1: Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Paper and Electronic Navigational Charts},
  edition = {Thirteenth},
  year = {2019},
  url = {https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/publications/us-chart-1.html},
  urldate = {2026-10-19},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {The chart symbol for tide rips, eddies and overfalls that the wind-against-tide hatching follows, and the chart colours for land, drying ground and shoal water that the currents scale avoids.},
}

@book{tufte2001visual,
  author = {Tufte, Edward R.},
  title = {The Visual Display of Quantitative Information},
  edition = {Second},
  publisher = {Graphics Press},
  address = {Cheshire, Connecticut},
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {design},
  sortkey = {1},
  annote = {Data drawn in line work, without ornament; every mark carrying information. The plots throughout the site.},
}

@book{tufte1990envisioning,
  author = {Tufte, Edward R.},
  title = {Envisioning Information},
  publisher = {Graphics Press},
  address = {Cheshire, Connecticut},
  year = {1990},
  keywords = {design},
  sortkey = {2},
  annote = {Small multiples and layering: the Sound's departure rows, the four model grids side by side.},
}

@book{tufte1997visual,
  author = {Tufte, Edward R.},
  title = {Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative},
  publisher = {Graphics Press},
  address = {Cheshire, Connecticut},
  year = {1997},
  keywords = {design},
  sortkey = {3},
  annote = {Showing cause and effect over time: how the forecast came in, the tide against the wind.},
}

@book{tufte2006beautiful,
  author = {Tufte, Edward R.},
  title = {Beautiful Evidence},
  publisher = {Graphics Press},
  address = {Cheshire, Connecticut},
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {design},
  sortkey = {4},
  annote = {Sparklines: the status table's lines and the outlook's 48-hour rows.},
}

@misc{codiga2011utide,
  author = {Codiga, Daniel L.},
  title = {Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the UTide Matlab Functions},
  note = {Technical Report 2011-01, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island; used here through the Python port of UTide},
  year = {2011},
  url = {https://www.po.gso.uri.edu/~codiga/utide/utide.htm},
  urldate = {2026-10-16},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {The harmonic fits behind the tide predictions at the USGS gauges, each to its own year of record, set on NOAA's footing.},
}

@misc{census2024tiger,
  author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
  title = {TIGER/Line Shapefiles: Area Hydrography},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Hydro/MapServer},
  urldate = {2026-10-16},
  keywords = {fields},
  annote = {The shoreline the Tides view's outline is drawn from, smoothed (public domain).},
}

@article{crameri2020misuse,
  author = {Crameri, Fabio and Shephard, Grace E. and Heron, Philip J.},
  title = {The misuse of colour in science communication},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {5444},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-19160-7},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {Ordered, perceptually even colour maps that stay readable with colour-vision deficiency, and no red-green ramps: the currents scales and the checks behind them.},
}

@misc{kovesi2015colormaps,
  author = {Kovesi, Peter},
  title = {Good Colour Maps: How to Design Them},
  year = {2015},
  publisher = {arXiv:1509.03700},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1509.03700},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {Lightness that changes evenly along a colour map keeps fine structure in a field visible: the lightness profile of the currents scales.},
}

@article{machado2009cvd,
  author = {Machado, Gustavo M. and Oliveira, Manuel M. and Fernandes, Leandro A. F.},
  title = {A Physiologically-based Model for Simulation of Color Vision Deficiency},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {15},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1291–1298},
  doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2009.113},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {The colour-vision simulation used to check that the currents scales, and the hazard crosshatch over them, stay readable with protanopia and deuteranopia.},
}

@misc{opencpn_s52colours,
  author = {{OpenCPN}},
  title = {S-52 presentation library colour tables (chartsymbols.xml)},
  url = {https://github.com/OpenCPN/OpenCPN/blob/master/data/s57data/chartsymbols.xml},
  urldate = {2026-10-19},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {The day colours electronic charts give land, drying ground and depth shades. The light currents scale keeps clear of them, so moving water never reads as land or shoal.},
}

@misc{noaa_lis_current_charts,
  author = {{NOAA National Ocean Service}},
  title = {Tidal Current Charts: Long Island Sound and Block Island Sound},
  url = {https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/1399},
  urldate = {2026-10-19},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {How official current displays show speed: arrows labelled in knots rather than a shaded field.},
}

@misc{noaa_coops_currents,
  author = {{NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services}},
  title = {Tidal Current Predictions},
  url = {https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaacurrents/},
  urldate = {2026-10-19},
  keywords = {design},
  annote = {The 2026 predictions for Long Island Sound and Block Island Sound set the currents scale's anchors: the regional median daily maximum (0.494 m/s) and Little Gull Island's median daily maximum (2.418 m/s) and annual maximum (3.097 m/s).},
}